Vulnerabilidad y cuidado desde la perspectiva de enfermería: Una revisión integrada de la literatura

La vulnerabilidad es un concepto ampliamente utilizado en la literatura de las ciencias sociales, e incorporado al ámbito sanitario con el desarrollo de la bioética y el modelo de determinantes sociales de la salud. Ha sido descrito por expertos como un concepto complejo y de gran utilidad para abordar poblaciones susceptibles de enfermar. Esto obliga a enfermería a identificar estos grupos y responder a sus necesidades de cuidado. Objetivo. Revisar la literatura para analizar las intersecciones en la relación conceptual entre vulnerabilidad y cuidado, desde una perspectiva de enfermería. Metodología. Se realizó una revisión integradora de la literatura basada en la sistematización propuesta por Whittemore y Knafl. Se consideró la literatura de los últimos cinco años disponible en las bases de datos Wos®, Scopus® y PubMed®. En la estrategia de búsqueda se utilizaron las palabras claves "vulnerability" and "care". Resultados. Se seleccionaron 18 artículos, coincidente con países que han desarrollado modelos sanitarios con enfoque social, como Canadá y Brasil. En el análisis se identificaron y describieron cinco temas en que se interceptan vulnerabilidad y cuidado; paradigma ontológico, epidemiológico, social y bioético, y la asociación entre vulnerabilidad y necesidades de cuidado. Conclusiones. La literatura da cuenta de la estrecha relación entre vulnerabilidad y cuidado, dado que la naturaleza de los cuidados profesionales de enfermería es la respuesta organizada socialmente a la vulnerabilidad humana.

Vulnerability is a concept widely used in the social sciences literature, and incorporated into the health field with the development of bioethics, and the model of social determinants of health. It has been described by experts as a complex concept, and very useful for addressing populations susceptible to illness. This ethically obliges nursing to identify these groups and respond to their care needs. Goal. To review the literature to analyze the intersections in the conceptual relationship between vulnerability and care, from a nursing perspective. Methodology. An integrative review of the literature was carried out based on the systematization proposed by Whittemore and Knafl. Literature from the last five years available in the Wos®, Scopus® and PubMed® databases was considered. The keywords "vulnerability" and "care" were used in the search strategy. Results. 18 articles were selected, coinciding with countries with health models with a social focus, such as Canada and Brazil. In the analysis, five themes were identified and described in which vulnerability and care intersect; ontological, epidemiological, social and bioethical paradigm, and the association between vulnerability and care needs. conclusions. The literature reports the close relationship between vulnerability and care, given that the nature of professional nursing care is the socially organized response to human vulnerability.

A vulnerabilidade é um conceito amplamente utilizado na literatura das ciências sociais, incorporado ao âmbito sanitário com o desenvolvimento da bioética e o modelo de determinantes sociais da saúde. Foi descrito por especialistas como um conceito complexo e de grande utilidade para abordar populações suscetíveis a adoecer. Isto obriga eticamente a enfermagem a identificar estes grupos e responder a suas necessidades de cuidado. Objetivo. Revisar a literatura para analizar as intersecções na relação conceitual entre vulnerabilidade e cuidado, a partir de uma perspectiva da enfermagem. Metodologia. Realizou-se uma revisão integradora da literatura baseada na sistematização proposta por Whittemore e Knafl. Considerou-se a literatura dos últimos cinco anos disponíveis nas bases de dados Wos®, Scopus® e PubMed®. Na estratégia de busca utilizou-se as palavras chaves "vulnerability" and "care". Resultados. Foram selecionados 18 artigos, coincidentes com países que desenvolveram modelos sanitários com enfoque social, como o Canadá e o Brasil. Na análise identificaram-se e descreveram-se cinco temas em que se interceptam vulnerabilidade e cuidado: paradigma ontológico, epidemiológico, social e bioético, e a associação entre vulnerabilidade e necessidades de cuidado. Conclusões. A literatura dá conta da estreita relação entre vulnerabilidade e cuidado, dado que a natureza dos cuidados profissionais de enfermagem é a resposta organizada socialmente à vulnerabilidade humana.

Accessibility in People with Disabilities in Primary Healthcare Centers: A Dimension of the Quality of Care.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate universal accessibility in primary healthcare (PHC) centers in the Atacama region, Chile, through an analytical cross-sectional study with a quality approach, which uses the external audit model with the application of a dichotomous comparison guideline, evaluating levels of compliance with four dimensions of universal accessibility described in the literature: participation, information, accessibility chain and architectural aspects. This was carried out in 18 PHC, and set as Lower Control Limit (LCL) of 70% to compare levels of compliance, and a hierarchical model and k-mean analysis were applied. Results: Very low compliance averages were obtained, 37.7% participation, 4% information, 44.4% access chain, and 63.9% architectural aspects, indicating a critical situation. Moreover, the cluster comparison allowed to observe that a group of healthcare centers complies more than other groups, which requires more attention. Conclusions: The low level of accessibility for people with disabilities may be associated with various factors that require further monitoring and analysis. However, low levels of accessibility require changing the way of relating to this vulnerable group of the population, and considering including them in the design and reasonable adjustments made in PHC centers. The findings from this research open the possibility for future research that increases understanding of how to reduce barriers in a such wide variety of forms of disability.

Characterization of Communes with Quality Accredited Primary Healthcare Centers in Chile.

The accreditation process of primary healthcare centers in Chile has not had the same progress as in hospitals, which show high levels of compliance. The purpose of this research is to characterize the communes that have accredited family healthcare centers (CESFAMs) through socio-economic, municipal management, clinical management, and population variables by performing a principal components analysis (PCA) with biplot analysis and a grouping of communes through a hierarchical analysis. The biplot analysis and hierarchical analysis yielded the formation of three large groups of communes with accredited CESFAMs, characterized mainly by population size, number of people registered in the municipal health system, socioeconomic indicators, and financial management and clinical management variables. It was found that the communes that have accredited CESFAMs are characterized by dissimilar behavior in relation to the variables analyzed. Through the model used, it was possible to establish at least three groups of communes according to their behavior against these variables. Of these, the variables of a municipal financial nature were not decisive in achieving the accreditation of the CESFAMs of these communes. Therefore, it is possible that there are other variables or factors that could be facilitating the achievement of accreditation processes.

Opiniones de familias vulnerables sobre promoción de la salud bucal infantil: un análisis de contenido

RESUMEN Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue interpretar las opiniones de familias que participaron en el programa de promoción de la salud bucal "Sembrando Sonrisas" en la Región de Atacama. Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo-interpretativo que utilizó metodología cualitativa y análisis de contenido. Se analizaron 294 opiniones expresadas por 194 familias, en el cuaderno viajero del programa piloto realizado el año 2017 en doce jardines públicos repartidos en cuatro comunas diferentes de la región. El análisis de contenido se realizó con apoyo del programa Atlas.ti®. Resultados: En la primera fase se construyeron 25 categorías y en una segunda fase emergieron 8 categorías teóricas, destacando: actitudes de los padres sobre la salud bucal en sus hijos(as), conocimiento sobre salud bucal, relación lúdica con la higiene bucal, relación entre imagen física y salud bucal, entre otras. Conclusiones: La estrategia educativa contribuye a disminuir brechas de conocimiento en salud bucal de padres y madres de sectores vulnerables, y aporta a mayor justicia social en cuanto mayor acceso al cuidado bucal, pero se requiere de acompañamiento continuo de personal capacitado.

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this article is to evaluate the opinions of families that participated in the oral health promotion program "Sembrando sonrisas" (Sowing smiles) in the Atacama Region in northern Chile. Materials and Methods: Descriptive-interpretative study using qualitative methodology and content analysis. We analyzed 294 opinions expressed by 194 families in the class project book called "cuaderno viajero" of the pilot program, carried out in 2017 in twelve public kindergardens of four different cities. The content analysis was carried out with the support of the Atlas.ti® software. Results: 25 categories were established in the first phase and 8 theoretical categories emerged in a second phase, of which the following stand out: parental attitudes that favor oral health in their children, knowledge about oral health, playful relationship with oral hygiene, relationship between physical image and oral health, among others. Conclusions: The educational strategy contributes to reducing gaps in knowledge of oral health among parents from vulnerable sectors, and contributes to greater social justice in terms of greater access to oral care, but requires continuous monitoring by trained personnel.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste artigo foi interpretar a opinião das famílias que participaram do programa de promoção da saúde bucal "Semeando sorrisos" na Região de Atacama. Material e Método: Estudo descritivo-interpretativo que utilizou metodologia qualitativa e análise de conteúdo. Foram analisadas 294 opiniões expressas por 194 famílias, no caderno itinerante do programa piloto realizado em 2017 em doze creches públicas de quatro cidades diferentes na região. A análise de conteúdo foi realizada com o apoio do programa Atlas.ti®. Resultados: Na primeira fase foram construídas 25 categorias e na segunda fase emergiram 8 categorias teóricas, destacando: atitudes dos pais sobre a saúde bucal de seus filhos(as), conhecimentos sobre saúde bucal, relação lúdica com a higiene bucal, relação entre imagem física e saúde bucal, entre outras. Conclusões: A estratégia educativa contribui para a redução das lacunas de conhecimento em saúde bucal de pais e mães de setores vulneráveis e contribui para maior justiça social em termos de maior acesso à higiene bucal, mas é preciso acompanhamento contínuo de pessoal capacitado.